Kidney cancer treatment begins with understanding exactly where the tumour is located, what type of kidney cancer is present, whether it has spread, and how treatment may affect kidney function. At Precision Oncology Clinic, treatment planning is tailored to the individual and may involve surgery, systemic therapy, radiation in selected situations, and ongoing follow-up.
Kidney cancer refers to cancers that begin in the tissues of the kidney. In adults, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type. RCC develops from cells lining the small tubules of the kidney. Other cancers can arise in the renal pelvis or ureter, while Wilms tumour is primarily a childhood kidney cancer and is managed differently.
This page focuses mainly on adult kidney cancer, particularly renal cell carcinoma. The exact diagnosis matters because the cancer type, pathology, stage and overall health can all influence the treatment approach.
Kidney cancer is not one single disease. A kidney mass may also represent a benign condition or a different tumour type, so imaging and specialist assessment are important before deciding on treatment.
The most common renal cell carcinoma subtype. Its behaviour and treatment options depend on the tumour's stage, grade and other pathological features.
A distinct renal cell carcinoma subtype with its own pathological characteristics. Further classification may help guide treatment planning in selected cases.
Another recognised RCC subtype. The pathology report helps determine the tumour type and provides information needed for treatment planning.
Less common kidney tumours can have different biological behaviour and may require a different diagnostic or treatment strategy.
Cancer arising in the renal pelvis or ureter is different from RCC and follows a different treatment pathway.
Wilms tumour and other childhood kidney cancers are distinct conditions and generally require specialist paediatric oncology care.
There is no single treatment that is appropriate for every kidney cancer. The plan is developed after reviewing the tumour's characteristics, imaging, pathology where appropriate, stage and the patient's overall health. Kidney function and the condition of the other kidney are also important considerations.
For selected kidney tumours, partial nephrectomy can remove the tumour while preserving as much healthy kidney tissue as reasonably possible. Whether this approach is suitable depends on the tumour's size, location and complexity, as well as the patient's kidney function and other clinical factors.
When partial nephrectomy is not appropriate, removal of the affected kidney may be considered. The choice between partial and radical nephrectomy is therefore an individual surgical decision rather than a one-size-fits-all rule. :chatgpt-content-reference{index="0"}
Kidney cancer care may involve more than one specialist, particularly when the disease is complex, locally advanced or metastatic. Treatment planning can bring together surgical oncology, medical oncology, radiology, pathology and radiation oncology expertise when appropriate.
At Precision Oncology Clinic, treatment discussions are centred on the individual's diagnosis, stage, treatment goals, kidney function and overall health rather than applying the same treatment pathway to every patient.
If you have a kidney mass, biopsy or scan report, a specialist review can help clarify the diagnosis and discuss appropriate treatment options.
Kidney cancer does not always cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. Some kidney tumours are discovered incidentally when an imaging test is performed for another reason.
When symptoms do occur, they can be caused by the tumour itself, bleeding, local effects or more advanced disease. These symptoms are not specific to kidney cancer and can also occur with other urinary or abdominal conditions.
Blood in the urine, known as haematuria, can occur with kidney cancer. It may be visible to the eye or detected only through urine testing.
Ongoing discomfort or pain in the side or flank may occur, although many other conditions can cause similar symptoms.
A lump or swelling in the abdomen or side can occur with a larger kidney tumour, although this is not a common early finding.
Unintentional weight loss can occur with some cancers, particularly when disease is more advanced, but it has many possible causes.
Unexplained fever or sweating at night can occasionally occur and should be assessed when persistent or accompanied by other symptoms.
Fatigue may accompany cancer or other medical conditions and should be considered alongside the wider clinical picture.
Symptoms such as visible blood in the urine should not be ignored, particularly when they occur without an obvious explanation. A clinician may recommend urine tests, blood tests or imaging depending on the symptoms and clinical assessment.
Several factors are associated with a higher risk of developing kidney cancer. Having one or more risk factors does not mean that a person will develop cancer, and kidney cancer can also occur in people without known risk factors.
Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for renal cell carcinoma.
Overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of kidney cancer.
Hypertension has been associated with an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma.
A family history of kidney cancer may be relevant, particularly when several relatives are affected or cancer occurs at a younger age.
Certain inherited syndromes, including von Hippel-Lindau disease, hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer, and hereditary papillary renal carcinoma, can increase risk.
Some people with advanced chronic kidney disease or acquired cystic kidney disease have an increased risk of kidney cancer.
Some occupational or environmental exposures have been associated with kidney cancer risk, although the degree of risk varies.
Certain previous radiation exposures may be associated with a higher risk, depending on the circumstances.
People receiving long-term dialysis can develop acquired cystic changes in the kidneys, which are associated with an increased risk of renal tumours.
Some kidney tumours are discovered during an ultrasound, CT scan or other imaging test performed for an unrelated medical concern.
An incidental kidney mass does not automatically mean cancer. The appearance, size, location and imaging characteristics help determine what further assessment is appropriate.
Symptoms alone cannot establish a diagnosis of kidney cancer. Appropriate imaging and, when indicated, specialist assessment and pathological evaluation are needed to determine the nature of a suspicious kidney lesion.
A kidney mass may be solid, cystic or have mixed characteristics. Some lesions are benign, while others may represent renal cell carcinoma or a different tumour type.
The next step depends on the imaging findings and the clinical context. Doctors may consider further imaging, active surveillance for selected small renal masses, biopsy in appropriate situations, or treatment when the likelihood of clinically significant cancer is sufficiently high.
A specialist review of the scan findings can help clarify what the kidney lesion may represent and what evaluation should come next.
When a kidney mass is suspected, diagnosis usually begins with a review of the person's symptoms, medical history and imaging findings. Blood and urine tests may provide useful information about overall health and kidney function, but they cannot by themselves confirm kidney cancer.
Imaging is particularly important because it can show the size and location of a kidney lesion and help determine whether it appears confined to the kidney or may have spread elsewhere.
Symptoms, medical history, family history, previous cancer history, medications and other health conditions are reviewed alongside the imaging findings.
Tests may assess kidney function, blood counts, liver function and other aspects of general health. Urine testing can also help evaluate blood or other urinary abnormalities.
CT or MRI can provide detailed information about the kidney lesion, surrounding structures, lymph nodes and possible distant disease.
A biopsy may be recommended in selected situations to determine the nature of a renal mass before treatment or when the result could change management.
Imaging helps doctors characterise a kidney mass, assess its relationship with nearby structures and look for evidence of spread. The most suitable test depends on the clinical situation and the information already available.
Often used as an initial examination and can identify a kidney mass or cyst. It may be followed by more detailed cross-sectional imaging.
CT provides detailed information about the kidneys, tumour characteristics, surrounding tissues and possible spread.
MRI can provide detailed soft-tissue information and may be useful when CT is unsuitable or when additional information is needed.
Chest imaging may be used as part of staging because the lungs are a potential site of distant spread from kidney cancer.
Bone scans or other targeted imaging are not required for everyone and may be considered when symptoms or other findings suggest possible bone involvement.
Further scans may be selected when the initial imaging does not answer an important diagnostic or staging question.
In some patients, imaging characteristics and the clinical situation provide enough information to proceed with a treatment decision. In other situations, a percutaneous biopsy can help establish whether a lesion is malignant and, when cancer is present, provide information about its type.
Biopsy may be particularly useful when the result could change management, such as before certain non-surgical treatments, when active surveillance is being considered, or when imaging findings are uncertain.
The decision is therefore individualised. A biopsy also has limitations: a small sample may not always fully represent a heterogeneous tumour, and the result needs to be interpreted together with imaging and clinical findings.
When tissue is obtained through biopsy or surgery, a pathologist examines the sample to determine whether cancer is present and, when possible, what type of tumour it represents.
The pathology report can identify the renal tumour subtype, such as clear cell, papillary or chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.
The grade provides information about how abnormal the cancer cells appear and may contribute to assessment of tumour behaviour.
Following surgery, the pathology report assesses whether the tumour has been completely removed at the examined margins.
When lymph nodes or other tissues are removed, pathology can determine whether cancer has spread to those sites.
Staging describes how far the cancer has spread. For renal cell carcinoma, doctors use the TNM system, which considers the primary tumour, nearby lymph nodes and distant metastases. These findings are then grouped into overall stages.
The tumour is confined to the kidney and is relatively small.
The tumour remains confined to the kidney but is larger.
The cancer has grown into nearby major veins or tissues and/or involves regional lymph nodes, depending on the TNM findings.
The cancer has spread to distant organs or has more extensive local disease that meets stage IV criteria.
Tumour subtype, grade, location, kidney function, overall health and previous treatment can also influence the recommended approach.
Bring your imaging reports, pathology reports and previous treatment records so the diagnosis and stage can be reviewed in context.
Treatment for kidney cancer depends on whether the disease is confined to the kidney, has grown into nearby structures or has spread to distant parts of the body. The tumour's size, location, subtype, grade, kidney function and the person's overall health are also important.
For localised renal cell carcinoma, surgery is often the main treatment. Selected small renal masses may instead be monitored or treated with a local ablation technique. For advanced or metastatic kidney cancer, immunotherapy and targeted medicines have an important role, while radiation may be used selectively for symptom control or specific clinical situations.
Selected small renal masses can sometimes be monitored with scheduled imaging and clinical review rather than treated immediately, particularly when immediate intervention may offer limited benefit.
The tumour is removed while preserving the remaining healthy part of the kidney when this can be done safely and appropriately.
The affected kidney is removed when partial nephrectomy is not appropriate or would not provide an adequate cancer operation.
Selected small renal tumours may be treated with techniques such as cryoablation or thermal ablation, depending on tumour characteristics and patient factors.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors can be used in selected patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma, either alone or in combination with other medicines.
Targeted medicines can interfere with pathways that help kidney cancer cells grow and survive and are used in selected advanced disease settings.
Radiation is not usually the primary treatment for a localised kidney tumour, but it can have an important role in selected situations, including treatment of some metastatic sites or cancer-related symptoms.
Clinical trials may provide access to newer treatment strategies and are considered when an appropriate study is available.
Symptom control, nutrition, pain management, psychological support and management of treatment-related effects can be integrated throughout cancer care.
Surgery is commonly the principal treatment. Partial nephrectomy may be suitable for selected tumours, while radical nephrectomy may be recommended when kidney-sparing surgery is not appropriate.
For selected patients who are not suitable for surgery, ablation or stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) may be considered.
The surgical approach depends on how far the tumour has grown and whether major veins, nearby tissues or lymph nodes are involved.
Additional treatment after surgery may be considered for selected patients at higher risk of recurrence.
Treatment generally focuses on systemic therapy that can act throughout the body. Immunotherapy combinations and targeted medicines are used according to the cancer subtype, risk profile, previous treatment and current clinical circumstances.
Treatment depends on where the cancer has returned, how much disease is present, previous treatments and the person's overall health. Options may include local treatment, surgery in selected cases, systemic therapy or a clinical trial.
Kidney cancer can respond to treatments that activate the immune system. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are an important part of treatment for many people with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
Depending on the clinical situation, immunotherapy may be combined with another immunotherapy medicine or with a targeted treatment. Examples of medicines used in appropriate settings include nivolumab, pembrolizumab and ipilimumab.
Targeted therapies are medicines designed to interfere with specific biological pathways involved in tumour growth. Several targeted medicines used in renal cell carcinoma affect pathways involving blood-vessel growth or other signalling mechanisms.
Depending on the disease and previous treatment, options may include medicines targeting VEGF-related pathways, mTOR signalling or other molecular mechanisms. Newer treatment strategies continue to be evaluated in clinical trials.
In selected patients, yes. Partial nephrectomy removes the tumour while retaining functioning kidney tissue. For some small renal masses, active surveillance or ablation may also be appropriate.
However, preserving the kidney is not the only objective. The treatment must also provide appropriate cancer control. A tumour's size, position, complexity and relationship with blood vessels or collecting-system structures can affect whether kidney-sparing treatment is safe.
Two people with the same kidney cancer stage may not necessarily receive identical treatment. The treatment team considers the complete clinical picture before recommending an approach.
Treatment decisions are best made after reviewing the scan, pathology, stage, kidney function and overall health together.
Surgery is an important treatment for many kidney cancers that are confined to the kidney or have not spread extensively. The main surgical approaches are partial nephrectomy, which removes the tumour while preserving part of the kidney, and radical nephrectomy, which removes the affected kidney.
The choice is based on cancer control as well as preservation of kidney function. Tumour size, location, complexity, involvement of nearby structures, the condition of the opposite kidney and the person's overall health all contribute to the decision.
Partial nephrectomy removes the kidney tumour together with an appropriate margin of surrounding tissue while leaving the remaining healthy kidney in place.
Retaining functioning kidney tissue can help preserve renal function, which may be particularly important for people with a solitary kidney, reduced kidney function or a risk of future kidney disease.
It is commonly considered for appropriately selected localised tumours, especially when the tumour can be safely removed while retaining sufficient functioning kidney tissue.
A small tumour is not necessarily a simple tumour. Location near major blood vessels, the collecting system or other important structures can affect surgical complexity.
Radical nephrectomy involves removal of the affected kidney. Depending on the tumour and surgical findings, surrounding tissues or other structures may also need to be assessed or removed.
It may be recommended when a tumour is too large or complex for safe kidney-sparing surgery, when there is extensive local involvement, or when partial nephrectomy would not provide an appropriate cancer operation.
Before surgery, imaging is carefully reviewed to understand the tumour's relationship with the kidney, blood vessels, collecting system and nearby structures.
Larger tumours can be more technically challenging and may influence the choice of operation.
A tumour near the kidney's central structures may require more complex surgery than a peripheral lesion.
Existing kidney impairment can make preservation of functioning renal tissue particularly important.
The health and function of the other kidney are considered before removing an entire kidney.
Involvement of major veins or surrounding structures can change the surgical strategy.
Fitness, other medical conditions and ability to tolerate surgery are part of the pre-operative assessment.
Kidney surgery can be performed using different surgical approaches. Depending on the tumour and the surgeon's assessment, an operation may be performed through an open incision or using minimally invasive techniques.
Uses a larger incision to provide direct access to the kidney. It may be appropriate for selected complex tumours or when extensive surgery is required.
Uses several small incisions and specialised instruments. It may be suitable for appropriately selected kidney tumours.
Uses a robotic surgical platform controlled by the surgeon. It can facilitate precise minimally invasive surgery in selected cases.
A minimally invasive approach is not automatically better for every tumour. Cancer control and safe removal remain the primary objectives.
Lymph-node removal is not automatically required for every kidney cancer operation. It may be considered when imaging or operative findings suggest lymph-node involvement or when assessment would provide useful staging information.
Kidney tumours can occasionally extend into the renal vein or inferior vena cava. When major blood vessels are involved, surgery can become more complex and may require specialised surgical planning.
As with any major operation, kidney cancer surgery carries potential risks. The exact risks vary according to the type and complexity of the procedure and the patient's health.
Bleeding can occur during or after surgery and may occasionally require additional treatment.
Infection can occur at the surgical site or elsewhere after an operation.
The kidneys lie close to major blood vessels and abdominal structures, making anatomical planning important.
This can occur after some partial nephrectomy procedures and may need monitoring or additional treatment.
Kidney function can change after surgery, particularly when an entire kidney is removed or when pre-existing kidney disease is present.
Standard risks associated with major surgery and anaesthesia are also considered and managed around the operation.
Recovery depends on the type of surgery, the surgical approach, the patient's general health and whether complications occur. Follow-up also includes monitoring kidney function and reviewing the final pathology report.
Kidney function is an important long-term consideration after kidney cancer treatment. Depending on the individual situation, follow-up may include monitoring creatinine, estimated kidney function, blood pressure and other markers of renal health.
People who have had a kidney removed or who already have reduced kidney function may benefit from ongoing medical follow-up to reduce the risk of further kidney impairment.
A surgical opinion can help determine whether partial or radical nephrectomy is appropriate and how kidney function can be considered alongside cancer control.
When renal cell carcinoma has spread beyond the kidney, treatment often involves medicines that travel through the bloodstream and can act throughout the body. These treatments are different from surgery, which primarily treats a specific site.
For many people with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma, immunotherapy and targeted therapy form the foundation of systemic treatment. The appropriate combination depends on the tumour subtype, disease extent, risk group, previous treatment and overall health.
Immunotherapy helps the immune system recognise and attack cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are established treatments for selected patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Medicines such as pembrolizumab, nivolumab and ipilimumab act on immune checkpoint pathways that can otherwise limit the immune response against cancer.
Selected patients may receive combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors rather than a single immunotherapy medicine.
Some treatment strategies combine an immune checkpoint inhibitor with a targeted medicine. The choice depends on the clinical setting.
Treatment response is assessed through clinical review, blood tests and appropriate imaging. Treatment may be adjusted according to response, side effects and disease behaviour.
Kidney cancer cells can depend on molecular pathways that promote tumour growth and the formation of new blood vessels. Targeted medicines are designed to interfere with some of these pathways.
Medicines that inhibit signalling involved in tumour blood-vessel formation are used in selected renal cell carcinoma settings.
Several targeted medicines inhibit signalling proteins involved in tumour growth and angiogenesis.
mTOR-targeting medicines can be used in selected treatment settings, including some later-line situations.
Belzutifan is a targeted treatment option in selected renal cell carcinoma settings, particularly certain advanced or previously treated situations.
When cancer progresses, another targeted medicine, immunotherapy or combination may be considered depending on previous treatment.
Trials may investigate new targeted medicines, combinations and treatment sequences for advanced kidney cancer.
Conventional radiation therapy is generally not the main treatment for a kidney tumour confined to the kidney, because renal cell carcinoma has historically been relatively resistant to conventional radiation doses.
However, modern high-precision techniques such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) can be considered for selected patients who are not suitable for surgery or when treatment of a specific kidney tumour or metastatic site is appropriate.
SBRT may be considered for selected patients who are not suitable for surgery, depending on tumour characteristics and the patient's overall condition.
Radiation can help control pain and other symptoms caused by cancer that has spread to the bones.
Focused radiation techniques may be considered for selected brain metastases according to their number, size, location and the overall treatment plan.
Radiation may sometimes be used to relieve symptoms or control selected areas of metastatic disease.
Side effects vary substantially between medicines and between patients. Patients are monitored throughout treatment so that problems can be identified early and managed appropriately.
Monitoring is an ongoing part of systemic kidney cancer treatment. The exact schedule depends on the treatment being used and the patient's clinical situation.
If kidney cancer grows despite treatment, the next step is not necessarily the same for every patient. The oncology team reviews the previous medicines, duration of response, sites of progression, current symptoms and overall health.
Depending on the situation, another targeted treatment, immunotherapy, a different combination, local treatment of selected metastases or a clinical trial may be considered.
Kidney cancer treatment is planned around the individual rather than around a single standard approach. The treatment pathway may involve surgery, active surveillance, ablation, systemic treatment, radiation or a combination of these approaches.
A clear diagnosis, accurate staging and understanding of kidney function are important before deciding on treatment. For advanced disease, previous treatments and the pattern of cancer spread also influence the next step.
Imaging, laboratory tests and, when appropriate, biopsy and pathology help establish what type of kidney tumour is present.
The tumour's size, local extension, lymph-node involvement and distant spread are assessed to determine the stage.
The oncology team considers surgery, surveillance, ablation, medicines, radiation and clinical trials where appropriate.
Follow-up imaging, kidney-function tests and clinical review help assess response and guide future decisions.
Two people with kidney cancer can have very different treatment plans. Important factors include the tumour itself, kidney function and the patient's overall health and preferences.
Kidney cancer can require input from different specialists, particularly when the diagnosis is complex, surgery is technically challenging or the disease has spread beyond the kidney.
Surgical assessment for kidney tumours, including consideration of partial or radical nephrectomy and the appropriate surgical approach.
Assessment of systemic treatment options including immunotherapy, targeted therapy and treatment strategies for advanced disease.
Assessment of radiation-based treatment when appropriate, including selected stereotactic or symptom-relieving approaches.
A second opinion can be useful when the diagnosis is uncertain, surgery is complex, treatment options differ, or you want another specialist's view before making an important treatment decision.
It does not necessarily mean that the first treatment recommendation is incorrect. It can help you understand the diagnosis, available options, expected benefits and potential risks more clearly.
Understanding the reason for a recommended treatment can make it easier to participate in decisions about your care.
Follow-up continues after treatment because recurrence can occur in some patients, while kidney function and general health also need ongoing attention.
A personalised consultation can help you understand your diagnosis, treatment choices and the next appropriate step.
Kidney cancer treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumour, its size and location, kidney function, overall health and whether the cancer has spread. These frequently asked questions provide general information, but an individual treatment plan requires specialist assessment.
Kidney cancer refers to cancers that arise in the kidney. In adults, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type. Different RCC subtypes, including clear cell, papillary and chromophobe RCC, can have different biological and treatment characteristics.
Kidney cancer may cause blood in the urine, persistent pain in the side or back, an abdominal or flank lump, unexplained weight loss, fatigue or fever. However, many kidney tumours are discovered incidentally during imaging performed for another reason.
There is usually no single identifiable cause. Risk can be affected by factors such as smoking, excess weight, high blood pressure, family history, certain inherited conditions and some forms of chronic kidney disease. Having a risk factor does not mean that a person will definitely develop kidney cancer.
Diagnosis usually involves medical assessment, blood and urine tests and imaging such as ultrasound, CT or MRI. A biopsy may be recommended in selected situations to establish the tumour type before treatment.
No. A biopsy is not required in every situation. Depending on the imaging findings and the proposed treatment, a specialist may be able to proceed without a biopsy, while in other cases tissue confirmation can help guide management.
Kidney cancer is commonly staged from stage I to stage IV. Staging considers the size and local extent of the primary tumour, nearby lymph nodes and whether cancer has spread to distant organs.
Surgery is the main treatment for many localised kidney cancers. Depending on the tumour and the patient's circumstances, partial nephrectomy or radical nephrectomy may be considered. Active surveillance or ablation can be appropriate for selected patients.
Partial nephrectomy removes the kidney tumour together with an appropriate margin of surrounding tissue while leaving the remaining healthy kidney in place. It may help preserve kidney function when it is technically and medically suitable.
Radical nephrectomy removes the entire affected kidney and may be recommended when partial nephrectomy is not suitable because of tumour size, location, extent or other clinical considerations.
Yes. Partial nephrectomy can preserve functioning kidney tissue in selected patients. Active surveillance and image-guided ablation are also options for some smaller or otherwise suitable tumours. The safest approach depends on the individual tumour and patient.
Active surveillance involves closely monitoring a kidney tumour with scheduled imaging and clinical review rather than treating it immediately. It may be considered for selected small kidney masses, particularly when the risks of immediate treatment may outweigh the expected benefit.
Conventional chemotherapy is generally not the main systemic treatment for renal cell carcinoma. Advanced RCC is more commonly treated with immunotherapy, targeted therapy or combinations of these approaches. Other kidney tumour types can have different treatment strategies.
Immunotherapy uses medicines that help the immune system recognise and attack cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab, nivolumab and ipilimumab are used in selected patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
Targeted therapy uses medicines designed to interfere with specific molecular pathways involved in kidney cancer growth or blood-vessel formation. Different targeted medicines may be used at different stages of advanced disease.
Radiation is not usually the main treatment for a kidney tumour that can be surgically removed. However, stereotactic radiation may be considered in selected patients who are not suitable for surgery or for certain metastatic sites. Radiation can also help relieve symptoms caused by metastatic disease.
Yes. Kidney cancer can spread to sites such as the lungs, bones, liver, brain or distant lymph nodes. The sites and extent of spread influence the treatment plan.
Kidney cancer can recur after treatment in some patients. The risk depends on factors including the original tumour stage, pathology and other features. Follow-up appointments and appropriate imaging help monitor for recurrence.
Treatment depends on where the cancer has returned, how extensive it is and what treatment was previously given. Options can include surgery, systemic medicines, radiation to selected sites or a clinical trial.
Kidney function can be affected by the cancer, surgery and some treatments. Preserving functioning kidney tissue is an important consideration when choosing between partial and radical nephrectomy, particularly in people with a solitary kidney or pre-existing kidney disease.
A second opinion may be useful when the diagnosis is uncertain, surgery is complex, the treatment options are difficult to compare, the cancer has spread or you would like another specialist's view before starting treatment.
A specialist consultation can help you understand your diagnosis, stage, treatment choices and the next appropriate step.
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